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Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive and challenging cancers to treat. It has the highest mortality rate among all major cancer types and is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Australia.

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Despite advances in medical research, the five-year survival rate remains critically low at just 13%, highlighting the urgent need for awareness, earlier detection, and improved treatments. For most people diagnosed, life expectancy is often 6 to 12 months, with many facing even shorter timelines due to late-stage diagnosis.

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Pancreatic Cancer in Australia

The statistics paint a sobering picture:

  • In 2023, it is estimated that 4,506 Australians will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.

  • Tragically, 3,669 lives will be lost to the disease.

  • This equates to 12 diagnoses every day and nearly 10 deaths daily.

 

These figures emphasize the urgent need to improve early detection and access to better treatment options.

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What is Pancreatic Cancer?

Pancreatic cancer develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the pancreas, forming a tumour. The pancreas is a vital organ located deep in the abdomen that plays two crucial roles:

  1. Digestion: Producing enzymes to break down food.

  2. Blood Sugar Regulation: Producing insulin to manage glucose levels.

 

Types of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is categorized into two main types:

  1. Exocrine Tumours

    • These originate in the pancreas's enzyme-producing cells.

    • About 95% of pancreatic cancers fall into this category, primarily pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

    • PDAC begins in the cells lining the pancreatic ducts and is highly aggressive.

  2. Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs)

    • These arise in the pancreas's hormone-producing cells.

    • NETs account for about 5% of cases and tend to have a better prognosis than exocrine tumours.

 

Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer

Although the exact causes of pancreatic cancer are not fully understood, several factors increase the risk of developing the disease:

  • Age: Most cases occur in individuals over 65.

  • Smoking: Smokers are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop pancreatic cancer, contributing to nearly 30% of cases.

  • Diabetes: Both new-onset and long-standing diabetes significantly increase risk.

  • Obesity: Obese individuals have a 47% higher risk compared to those with a healthy BMI.

  • Diet: Diets high in processed and red meat, combined with low fruit and vegetable intake, may increase risk.

  • Family History: Genetic predisposition plays a role, especially in families with BRCA mutations or a history of pancreatic cancer.

  • Chronic Pancreatitis: Long-term inflammation of the pancreas increases risk.

  • Alcohol Consumption: Excessive drinking is linked to chronic pancreatitis, a risk factor for pancreatic cancer.

  • Chemical Exposure: Prolonged contact with chemicals like petroleum agents may elevate risk.

  • Bacterial Infections: Infection with H. pylori, a bacterium linked to stomach ulcers, may also increase risk.

 

Signs and Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer often remains asymptomatic in its early stages, making early detection challenging. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:

  • Upper abdominal pain: Pain that radiates to the back.

  • Unexplained weight loss: A common sign of many cancers.

  • Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to bile duct obstruction by the tumour, often accompanied by dark urine and severe itching.

  • Nausea and vomiting: Caused by a tumour blocking part of the digestive tract.

  • Digestive issues: Oily stools or difficulty digesting food due to the pancreas's role in enzyme production.

 

If you experience any of these symptoms persistently, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional.

 

Why Early Detection Matters

Pancreatic cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to its vague early symptoms and the pancreas's deep location in the abdomen. By the time symptoms appear, the cancer has often spread (metastasised), limiting treatment options and making surgical removal of the tumour difficult.

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Awareness of risk factors and symptoms is crucial for improving early diagnosis and treatment outcomes.

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